The means by which new species arise remain a fundamental question in the Orchid family evolution. Even if the Orchid-pollinator interactions are highly specific, events of cross-hybridization in Serapias are possible and represent a central issue of the plant's evolutionary biology. Italian Orchids have a wide variety of pollination systems and highly diverse floral traits, considered as some of the main tools for activating the speciation processes. The assess of diversity in Serapias taxa and eventual phylogenetic relationships among Serapias lingua, S. parviflora, S. vomeracea, S. apulica, S. nurrica, S. neglecta, S. cordigera, S. politisii, and some putative inter-specific hybrids were investigated at the DNA level by AFLP markers. The present molecular study on Serapias populations (1) confirms some previous finding, (2) opens new hypotheses on the possible evolutionary and taxonomic relationships existing among the Serapias species, and (3) gives indications about the real consistence of hybrid individuals in a genus characterized by a relevant gene flow. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

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